English Grammar:非谓语动词的一般式和完成式

非谓语动词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其后发生，非谓语动词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。

1.动词不定式

例1：A lot of young people are learning to drive cars. (同时发生)

例2：All of us expected to discover a new oil field. (非谓语动词动作发生在后)

例3：He is said to have studied English for three years. (非谓语动词动作发生在前)

注：动词不定式的完成式有时用在intended, expected, meant, were to, was to等过去式的动词后面，表示未实现的行为。例如：

1)I meant to have sent the book to you by mail. （我本想把这本书邮寄给你的。）

2)He was to have been the new ambassador, but he fell ill. (他原是要任新大使的，但是他病了。)

2.动名词

例1：I am thinking of getting a new dictionary. (非谓语动词动作发生在后)

例2：We enjoy watching colour TV. (与谓语动词动作同时)

例3：He forgot having promised to write things for us. （非谓语动词动作发生在前。）

3.分词

例1：Singing a song, he came into the room. （非谓语动词动作与谓语动词动作同时发生）

例2：Having written his composition, he went to have a heart to heart talk with Wang. (非谓语动词动作发生在前)

非谓语动词的比较

1.动名词和动词不定式在用法上的比较

(1)一般说来动名词所表示的动作在意义上是比较抽象的、一般的，时间概念不强，不是指某一次的动作；而动词不定式所表示的动作则往往是具体的一次行为。例如：

1）I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim today.

2) They prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold.

3) Would you prefer to stay at home this evening?

(2)动词不定式的逻辑主语，常常是句子的主语或句中的某个词；而动名词的逻辑主语可能是句子主语或句中某个词，也可能是泛指一般人物，在句子里是找不着的。例如：

1）I hate to be sitting

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